Adaption: any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment
Allele: any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation
Apical meristems: regions at the tips of all roots and shoots. They are responsible for the primary growth, which lengthens shoots and roots throughout the life of the plant
Angiosperms: plant having its seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.
Anther:pollen-bearing structure of the stamen of a flower, usually borne on a slender stalk
Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
Artificial selection: a process in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation of plants by which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain desirable inheritable characteristics
Atherosclerosis: A thickening of the artery wall due to fatty acid buildup, this leads to blocked or partially blocked arteries
Calyx: the sepals of a flower
Capillaries: The smallest of the blood vessels. Walls are one cell thick, the site of gas exchange
Chromosome: An organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells
Codominance: A type of incomplete dominance where both allelic phenotypes are expressed simultaneously without masking the other
Cotyledon: a leaf of the embryo of a seed
Dichotomous key: a key used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions of two distinguishing character, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is identified
Dicot: a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons
Dominance: Occurs when an allelic trait masks the expression of another
Dormant: in a state of minimal metabolic activity with cessation of growth, either as a reaction to adverse conditions or as part of an organism's normal annual rhythm
Endosperm: a tissue that is found on the inside of a seed that surrounds the young plant embryo and provides it with a source of nutrition until it can grow roots and leaves and begin supporting itself
Enzymes: Proteins that act as a catalysts in mediating and speeding a specific chemical reaction
Epidermal Tissue: the outermost cell layer of a multicellular plant experiencing primary growth
Esophagus: The tube that connects the pharynx (throat) with the stomach
Evolution: change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift
Filament: filamenta a long chain of cells, part of a stamen, the male part of a flowerone of the four basic parts
Gene: An inherited trait or characteristic found on chromosomes
Genotype: Specific alleles contained an in organism for a specific trait
Genus: the usual major subdivision of a family or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species
Gymnosperms: a vascular plant having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary; a conifer or cycad.
Heterozygous: A genotype in which a pair of alleles are identical
Homozygous: A genotype in which a pair of alleles are different
Incomplete dominance: The simultaneous expression of two equally dominant alleles leading to the development of a new hybrid phenotype
Lateral meristems: cylindrical regions in roots and stems. They are responsible for all increases in diameters of roots and stems.
Meiosis: A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes
Mimicry - the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful.
Mitosis: The process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei
Monocot: a group of floweirng plants whose seed typically has one embryonic leaf or cotyledon
Monohybrid cross: Occurs when a single allele pair is crossed (eg. YY x yy)
Mutation - a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
Meristem: regions of the plant where some cells retain the ability to divide repeatedly by mitosis
Mesophyll: the region of photosynthetic cells between the epidermal layers of leaves
Niche - the position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals.
Nuclear Envelope: Double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus: A membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material
Organism: a form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes
Ovary: ductless gland of the female in which the ova (femalereproductive cells) are produced
Ovule: structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
Parenchyma: a living ground tissue that makes up the bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma tissues take part in several tasks, including photosynthesis, storage, and regeneration.
Peduncle:a stalk supporting an inflorescence
Petal: of a flower, next innermost organ from the sepal
Pharynx: The hollow tube that is about 5 inches long and starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus
Phenotype: the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, especially as depicted in a family tree
Platelets: Circulate the blood stream, aid in the coagulation (clotting) of blood.
Plumule:the bud of the ascending axis of a plant while still in the embryo
Primary growth: all plant growth originating at apical meristems resulting in increases in length, as well as growth originating at the lateral meristems in the first year of a plant’s life
Punnett square: Used to organize and conduct genetic crosses in order to demonstrate the possible genetic combinations in the offspring of parental generation
Radicle: the lower part of the axis of an embryo; the primary root
Red blood cells: Carry oxygen through the blood to the body tissue. Haemoglobin is responsible for O2 binding
Recessiveness: Occurs when two non-dominant alleles are expressed in the homozygous form
Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach
Root Hair: Thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil. Hair like structures found on the epidermis cells of the root that allow a much larger surface area for water to be absorbed and used by the plant.
Scientific name: the recognized Latin name given to an organism, consisting of a genus and species, according to a taxonomy
Secondary growth: plant growth originating at lateral meristems which results in increased diameters of roots and stems in the second and all subsequent years of a plant’s life
Seed coat: the outer integument of a seed.
Sepal: a modified leaf, part of the outermost of the four groups of flower parts
Sex-linked genes: Genes that are found on either of the sex chromosomes
Sexual selection: a special type of natural selection in which the sexes acquire distinct forms either because the members of one sex choose mates with particular features or because in the competition for mates among the members of one sex only those with certain traits succeed
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine
Speciation - the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other.
Species: the major subdivision of a genus or subgenus, regarded as the basic category of biological classification, composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species
Spermatophytes: a primary division or group of plants comprising those that bear seeds
Stigma: the terminal portion of the gynoecium that has no epidermis and is meant to receive pollen.
Stomata: A tiny pore in a plant leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate its opening and closure, and serves as the site for gas exchange.
Theory of natural selection - the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate, or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.
Trait: characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment
Vascular cambium: a lateral meristem which is responsible for creating new xylem and phloem tissue
Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood from the body to the heart
Allele: any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation
Apical meristems: regions at the tips of all roots and shoots. They are responsible for the primary growth, which lengthens shoots and roots throughout the life of the plant
Angiosperms: plant having its seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.
Anther:pollen-bearing structure of the stamen of a flower, usually borne on a slender stalk
Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
Artificial selection: a process in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation of plants by which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain desirable inheritable characteristics
Atherosclerosis: A thickening of the artery wall due to fatty acid buildup, this leads to blocked or partially blocked arteries
Calyx: the sepals of a flower
Capillaries: The smallest of the blood vessels. Walls are one cell thick, the site of gas exchange
Chromosome: An organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells
Codominance: A type of incomplete dominance where both allelic phenotypes are expressed simultaneously without masking the other
Cotyledon: a leaf of the embryo of a seed
Dichotomous key: a key used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions of two distinguishing character, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is identified
Dicot: a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons
Dominance: Occurs when an allelic trait masks the expression of another
Dormant: in a state of minimal metabolic activity with cessation of growth, either as a reaction to adverse conditions or as part of an organism's normal annual rhythm
Endosperm: a tissue that is found on the inside of a seed that surrounds the young plant embryo and provides it with a source of nutrition until it can grow roots and leaves and begin supporting itself
Enzymes: Proteins that act as a catalysts in mediating and speeding a specific chemical reaction
Epidermal Tissue: the outermost cell layer of a multicellular plant experiencing primary growth
Esophagus: The tube that connects the pharynx (throat) with the stomach
Evolution: change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift
Filament: filamenta a long chain of cells, part of a stamen, the male part of a flowerone of the four basic parts
Gene: An inherited trait or characteristic found on chromosomes
Genotype: Specific alleles contained an in organism for a specific trait
Genus: the usual major subdivision of a family or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species
Gymnosperms: a vascular plant having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary; a conifer or cycad.
Heterozygous: A genotype in which a pair of alleles are identical
Homozygous: A genotype in which a pair of alleles are different
Incomplete dominance: The simultaneous expression of two equally dominant alleles leading to the development of a new hybrid phenotype
Lateral meristems: cylindrical regions in roots and stems. They are responsible for all increases in diameters of roots and stems.
Meiosis: A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes
Mimicry - the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful.
Mitosis: The process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei
Monocot: a group of floweirng plants whose seed typically has one embryonic leaf or cotyledon
Monohybrid cross: Occurs when a single allele pair is crossed (eg. YY x yy)
Mutation - a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
Meristem: regions of the plant where some cells retain the ability to divide repeatedly by mitosis
Mesophyll: the region of photosynthetic cells between the epidermal layers of leaves
Niche - the position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals.
Nuclear Envelope: Double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus: A membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material
Organism: a form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes
Ovary: ductless gland of the female in which the ova (femalereproductive cells) are produced
Ovule: structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
Parenchyma: a living ground tissue that makes up the bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma tissues take part in several tasks, including photosynthesis, storage, and regeneration.
Peduncle:a stalk supporting an inflorescence
Petal: of a flower, next innermost organ from the sepal
Pharynx: The hollow tube that is about 5 inches long and starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus
Phenotype: the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, especially as depicted in a family tree
Platelets: Circulate the blood stream, aid in the coagulation (clotting) of blood.
Plumule:the bud of the ascending axis of a plant while still in the embryo
Primary growth: all plant growth originating at apical meristems resulting in increases in length, as well as growth originating at the lateral meristems in the first year of a plant’s life
Punnett square: Used to organize and conduct genetic crosses in order to demonstrate the possible genetic combinations in the offspring of parental generation
Radicle: the lower part of the axis of an embryo; the primary root
Red blood cells: Carry oxygen through the blood to the body tissue. Haemoglobin is responsible for O2 binding
Recessiveness: Occurs when two non-dominant alleles are expressed in the homozygous form
Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach
Root Hair: Thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil. Hair like structures found on the epidermis cells of the root that allow a much larger surface area for water to be absorbed and used by the plant.
Scientific name: the recognized Latin name given to an organism, consisting of a genus and species, according to a taxonomy
Secondary growth: plant growth originating at lateral meristems which results in increased diameters of roots and stems in the second and all subsequent years of a plant’s life
Seed coat: the outer integument of a seed.
Sepal: a modified leaf, part of the outermost of the four groups of flower parts
Sex-linked genes: Genes that are found on either of the sex chromosomes
Sexual selection: a special type of natural selection in which the sexes acquire distinct forms either because the members of one sex choose mates with particular features or because in the competition for mates among the members of one sex only those with certain traits succeed
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine
Speciation - the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other.
Species: the major subdivision of a genus or subgenus, regarded as the basic category of biological classification, composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species
Spermatophytes: a primary division or group of plants comprising those that bear seeds
Stigma: the terminal portion of the gynoecium that has no epidermis and is meant to receive pollen.
Stomata: A tiny pore in a plant leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate its opening and closure, and serves as the site for gas exchange.
Theory of natural selection - the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate, or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.
Trait: characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment
Vascular cambium: a lateral meristem which is responsible for creating new xylem and phloem tissue
Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood from the body to the heart